Importance of fisheries for food security across three climate change vulnerable deltas.

Deltas are home to a large and growing proportion of the world's population, often living in conditions of extreme poverty. Deltaic ecosystems are ecologically significant as they support high biodiversity and a variety of fisheries, however these coastal environments are extremely vulnerable to climate change. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (Bangladesh/India), the Mahanadi (India), and the Volta (Ghana) are among the most important and populous delta regions in the world and they are all considered at risk of food insecurity and climate change. The fisheries sector is vital for populations that live in the three deltas, as a source of animal protein (in Bangladesh and Ghana around 50-60% of animal protein is supplied by fish while in India this is about 12%) through subsistence fishing, as a source of employment and for the wider economy. The aquaculture sector shows a rapid growth in Bangladesh and India while in Ghana this is just starting to expand. The main exported species differ across countries with Ghana and India dominated by marine fish species, whereas Bangladesh exports shrimps and prawns. Fisheries play a more important part in the economy of Bangladesh and Ghana than for India, both men and women work in fisheries, with a higher proportion of women in the Volta then in the Asian deltas. Economic and integrated modelling using future scenarios suggest that changes in temperature and primary production could reduce fish productivity and fisheries income especially in the Volta and Bangladesh deltas, however these losses could be mitigated by reducing overfishing and improving management. The analysis provided in this paper highlights the importance of applying plans for fisheries management at regional level. Minimizing the impacts of climate change while increasing marine ecosystems resilience must be a priority for scientists and governments before these have dramatic impacts on millions of people's lives.

Changes in the fish community of the Kpong Headpond, lower Volta River, Ghana after 25 years of impoundment

The Kpong Headpond was the second created on the Volta River after Akosombo Dam, primarily as a source of hydroelectric power generation and potable water supply, and additionally, it has supported some fish production in Ghana since impoundment. The changes in fish community of the Kpong Headpond were studied to provide baseline information for strategies formulation to support the socio-economic development of the reservoir. The study identified changes in the fish community of the reservoir by comparing occurrence, composition, relative abundance and relative importance estimates of fish species, families and trophic groups, from available previous studies in the reservoir. From the collated information all fishes identified in the reservoir were categorised based on occurrence and importance as disappeared, appeared, permanent, declined or important, to show current status. The results indicated that the fish community has experienced a shift in the composition and relative abundance of important species, families and trophic groups in terms of number and weight, while remaining ecologically balanced. Representatives of the families Osteoglossidae, Centropomidae and Characidae have declined while representatives of the families Claroteidae, Cyprinidae and Cichlidae have increased. The aufwuch-detritus and herbivores declined while semi-pelagic omnivores increased resulting in a shift in dominance to benthic and semi pelagic omnivores. The appearance of five species and the disappearance of 25 others indicated a dynamic restructuring of the fish community in the reservoir, as expected. Enforcement of fishing regulations including the use of appropriate gear and fishing methods, fishery access control, promotion of culture-based fisheries and improvement in fisher education are recommended topics for sustainable fisheries in the reservoir. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1685-1696. Epub 2011 December 01.

La laguna Kpong se convirtió en la segunda represa creada en el río Volta, después de Akosombo, principalmente para la generación de energía hidroeléctrica y suministro de agua potable, además, contribuye con la producción pesquera de Ghana desde que se formó la misma. Los cambios en la comunidad de peces de la laguna Kpong fueron estudiados con el fin de proporcionar información de referencia para la formulación de estrategias que contribuyan con el desarrollo socio-económico de la represa. El estudio identificó los cambios en la comunidad de peces de la represa mediante la comparación de la ocurrencia, composición, abundancia relativa y estimaciones de importancia relativa de las especies de peces, familias y grupos tróficos. De manera que con base en estudios previos disponibles efectuados en la represa y cotejando tal información con el estado actual de los peces identificados en este sitio, éstos se clasificaron según su presencia e importancia de la siguiente manera: desaparecido, aparecido, permanente, en disminución o importante. Los resultados indicaron que la comunidad de peces ha experimentado un cambio en la composición y abundancia relativa de especies importantes, familias y grupos tróficos en términos de número y peso, aunque continúan permaneciendo ecológicamente balanceados. Representantes de las familias Osteoglossidae, Centropomidae y Characidae han disminuido mientras que los representantes de las familias: Claroteidae, Cyprinidae y Cichlidae han incrementado. Los perifiton-detritívoros y herbívoros disminuyeron, mientras que los omnívoros semipelágicos aumentaron, lo que resulta en un cambio en la dominancia de los bentónicos y los omnívoros semi-pelágicos. La aparición de cinco especies y la desaparición de otras 25, indica una reestructuración dinámica de la comunidad de peces en la represa, como se esperaba. Para una pesca sostenible en la represa se recomienda la aplicación de reglamentos pesqueros, que incluyan el uso de equipo y métodos de pesca apropiados, control de la pesca, promoción de una cultura basada en la pesca y el mejoramiento de la educación de los pescadores.

Changes in the fish community of the Kpong Headpond, lower Volta River, Ghana after 25 years of impoundment.

The Kpong Headpond was the second created on the Volta River after Akosombo Dam, primarily as a source of hydroelectric power generation and potable water supply, and additionally, it has supported some fish production in Ghana since impoundment. The changes in fish community of the Kpong Headpond were studied to provide baseline information for strategies formulation to support the socio-economic development of the reservoir. The study identified changes in the fish community of the reservoir by comparing occurrence, composition, relative abundance and relative importance estimates of fish species, families and trophic groups, from available previous studies in the reservoir. From the collated information all fishes identified in the reservoir were categorised based on occurrence and importance as disappeared, appeared, permanent, declined or important, to show current status. The results indicated that the fish community has experienced a shift in the composition and relative abundance of important species, families and trophic groups in terms of number and weight, while remaining ecologically balanced. Representatives of the families Osteoglossidae, Centropomidae and Characidae have declined while representatives of the families Claroteidae, Cyprinidae and Cichlidae have increased. The aufwuch-detritus and herbivores declined while semi-pelagic omnivores increased resulting in a shift in dominance to benthic and semi pelagic omnivores. The appearance of five species and the disappearance of 25 others indicated a dynamic restructuring of the fish community in the reservoir, as expected. Enforcement of fishing regulations including the use of appropriate gear and fishing methods, fishery access control, promotion of culture-based fisheries and improvement in fisher education are recommended topics for sustainable fisheries in the reservoir.